March 13th, 2010 / No Comments » / by Desai RU, Rachakonda LP, Saffra NA
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Trichomegaly secondary to erlotinib.
Can J Ophthalmol. 2009 Dec;44(6):e65
Authors: Desai RU, Rachakonda LP, Saffra NA
PMID: 20052001 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
March 13th, 2010 / No Comments » / by Kumar M, Misra A, Pathak K
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Formulation and characterization of nanoemulsion of olanzapine for intranasal delivery.
PDA J Pharm Sci Technol. 2009 Nov-Dec;63(6):501-11
Authors: Kumar M, Misra A, Pathak K
The objective was to formulate an olanzapine nanoemulsion that could potentially deliver the drug directly to the brain following intranasal administration. The nanoemulsions were prepared using the water titration method. The mucoadhesive character was imparted by the addition of 0.5%w/w chitosan and 0.5%w/w polycarbophil and was characterized for drug content, pH, percentage transmittance, globule size, zeta potential, and PDI. The composition (%w/w) of the optimized olanzapine nanoemulsion was capmul MCM, tween 80, and a mixture of 1:1 ratio of polyethylene glycol 400 and ethanol, and aqueous phase in a ratio of 15:35:17.5:32.5. The optimized olanzapine nanoemulsion exhibited a high diffusion coefficient and no nasal cilio-toxicity. The drug release followed the Higuchi model. The optimized nanoemulsions were found to be stable for 3 months.
PMID: 20169856 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
March 13th, 2010 / No Comments » / by Gallagher AR, Germino GG, Somlo S
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Molecular Advances in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease.
Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2010 Mar;17(2):118-130
Authors: Gallagher AR, Germino GG, Somlo S
Autosomal dominant polycystic disease (ADPKD) is the most common form of inherited kidney disease that results in renal failure. The understanding of the pathogenesis of ADPKD has advanced significantly since the discovery of the 2 causative genes, PKD1 and PKD2. Dominantly inherited gene mutations followed by somatic second-hit mutations inactivating the normal copy of the respective gene result in renal tubular cyst formation that deforms the kidney and eventually impairs its function. The respective gene products, polycystin-1 and polycystin-2, work together in a common cellular pathway. Polycystin-1, a large receptor molecule, forms a receptor-channel complex with polycystin-2, which is a cation channel belonging to the TRP family. Both polycystin proteins have been localized to the primary cilium, a nonmotile microtubule-based structure that extends from the apical membrane of tubular cells into the lumen. Here we discuss recent insights in the pathogenesis of ADPKD including the genetics of ADPKD, the properties of the respective polycystin proteins, the role of cilia, and some cell-signaling pathways that have been implicated in the pathways related to PKD1 and PKD2.
PMID: 20219615 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
March 13th, 2010 / No Comments » / by Chapman AB, Stepniakowski K, Rahbari-Oskoui F
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Hypertension in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease.
Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2010 Mar;17(2):153-163
Authors: Chapman AB, Stepniakowski K, Rahbari-Oskoui F
Hypertension is common and occurs in a majority of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients before the loss of kidney function. Hypertension relates to progressive kidney enlargement and is a significant independent risk factor for progression to ESRD. The pathogenesis of hypertension in ADPKD is complex and dependent on many factors that influence each other. Pkd1 and Pkd2 expression levels are highest in the major vessels and are present in the cilia of endothelial cells and in vascular smooth muscle cells. Decreased or absent polycystin 1 or 2 expression is associated with abnormal vascular structure and function. Pkd1/Pkd2 deficiency results in reduced nitric oxide (NO) levels, altered endothelial response to shear stress with attenuation in vascular relaxation. Ten percent to 20% of ADPKD children show hypertension and the majority of adults are hypertensive before any loss of kidney function. Cardiac abnormalities such as left ventricular hypertrophy and carotid intimal wall thickening are present before the development of hypertension in ADPKD. The activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system occurs in ADPKD because of decreased NO production as well as bilateral cyst expansion and intrarenal ischemia. With increasing cyst size, further activation of the RAAS occurs, blood pressure increases, and a vicious cycle ensues with enhanced cyst growth and hypertension ultimately leading to ESRD. The inhibition of the angiotensin aldosterone system is possible with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. However, interventional studies have not yet shown benefit in slowing progression to renal failure in ADPKD. Currently, large multicenter studies are being performed to determine the beneficial effects of RAAS inhibition both early and late in ADPKD.
PMID: 20219618 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
March 13th, 2010 / No Comments » / by Gardner RL
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Normal Bias in the Direction of Fetal Rotation Depends on Blastomere Composition during Early Cleavage in the Mouse.
PLoS One. 2010;5(3):e9610
Authors: Gardner RL
Interest in establishing the basis of left/right asymmetry during embryogenesis has burgeoned in recent years. Relevant studies in mammals, focused largely on the mouse, have revealed involvement of a variety of genes that are common to the process in other animals. In the mouse, lateral differences in gene expression are first evident late in gastrulation when directional rotation of nodal cilia has been implicated in effecting the normally very strong bias in handedness. Reconstructing cleavage stages with correspondingly positioned blastomeres from appropriate numbers of conceptuses with similar division planes provides a way of testing whether they differ in potency without the confounding effects of reduced cell number. In a study using this strategy, 4-cell stage conceptuses reconstructed from blastomeres produced by equatorial as opposed to meridional second cleavage were found to be compromised in their ability to support normal development. Here, in more refined reconstructions undertaken at both the 4- and 8-cell stage, no significant impairment of development to the 9(th) or 12(th) day of gestation was found for products of equatorial second cleavage or their 8-cell stage progeny. Most surprisingly, however, a significant increase in reversal of the direction of axial rotation was found specifically among fetuses developing from conceptuses reconstructed from 8-cell stage progeny of products of equatorial second cleavage. Hence, manipulations during early cleavage some 6 days before fetal asymmetries are first evident can perturb the normally very strong bias in specification of a facet of left-right asymmetry.
PMID: 20224769 [PubMed - in process]
March 13th, 2010 / No Comments » / by Gardner RL
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Normal Bias in the Direction of Fetal Rotation Depends on Blastomere Composition during Early Cleavage in the Mouse.
PLoS One. 2010;5(3):e9610
Authors: Gardner RL
Interest in establishing the basis of left/right asymmetry during embryogenesis has burgeoned in recent years. Relevant studies in mammals, focused largely on the mouse, have revealed involvement of a variety of genes that are common to the process in other animals. In the mouse, lateral differences in gene expression are first evident late in gastrulation when directional rotation of nodal cilia has been implicated in effecting the normally very strong bias in handedness. Reconstructing cleavage stages with correspondingly positioned blastomeres from appropriate numbers of conceptuses with similar division planes provides a way of testing whether they differ in potency without the confounding effects of reduced cell number. In a study using this strategy, 4-cell stage conceptuses reconstructed from blastomeres produced by equatorial as opposed to meridional second cleavage were found to be compromised in their ability to support normal development. Here, in more refined reconstructions undertaken at both the 4- and 8-cell stage, no significant impairment of development to the 9(th) or 12(th) day of gestation was found for products of equatorial second cleavage or their 8-cell stage progeny. Most surprisingly, however, a significant increase in reversal of the direction of axial rotation was found specifically among fetuses developing from conceptuses reconstructed from 8-cell stage progeny of products of equatorial second cleavage. Hence, manipulations during early cleavage some 6 days before fetal asymmetries are first evident can perturb the normally very strong bias in specification of a facet of left-right asymmetry.
PMID: 20224769 [PubMed - in process]
March 13th, 2010 / No Comments » / by Casteleyn C, Cornelissen M, Simoens P, Van Den Broeck W
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Ultramicroscopic Examination of the Ovine Tonsillar Epithelia.
Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2010 Mar 11;
Authors: Casteleyn C, Cornelissen M, Simoens P, Van Den Broeck W
As solid morphological knowledge of ovine tonsillar epithelia might contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of several diseases including prion diseases, the epithelia of all tonsils of 7 one-year-old Texel sheep were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Major parts of the pharyngeal and tubal tonsils were covered by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelia that were interrupted by patches of epithelium containing cells with densely packed microfolds or microvilli, and cells with both microvilli and cilia. Smaller parts were covered by either flattened polygonal cells with densely packed microvilli or microfolds, squamous epithelial cells, or patches of reticular epithelium. The palatine and paraepiglottic tonsils were mainly lined by squamous epithelial cells with apical microplicae or short knobs. Additionally, regions of reticular epithelium containing epithelial cells with apical microvilli were seen. The lingual tonsil was uniformly covered by a keratinized squamous epithelium and devoid of microvillous cells and patches of reticular epithelium. The rostral half of the tonsil of the soft palate was lined by a pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with characteristics of the pharyngeal and tubal tonsils. The epithelium of the caudal part resembled the epithelia of the palatine and paraepiglottic tonsils. Putative M cells, mainly characterized by apical microvilli or microfolds and a close association with lymphoid cells, seem manifestly present on the nasopharyngeal tonsils. The reticular epithelium of the palatine and paraepiglottic tonsils also harbor cells with small apical microvilli. The exact nature of these presumptive M cells should, however, be elucidated in functional studies. Anat Rec, 2010. (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 20225209 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
March 13th, 2010 / No Comments » / by Casteleyn C, Cornelissen M, Simoens P, Van Den Broeck W
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Ultramicroscopic Examination of the Ovine Tonsillar Epithelia.
Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2010 Mar 11;
Authors: Casteleyn C, Cornelissen M, Simoens P, Van Den Broeck W
As solid morphological knowledge of ovine tonsillar epithelia might contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of several diseases including prion diseases, the epithelia of all tonsils of 7 one-year-old Texel sheep were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Major parts of the pharyngeal and tubal tonsils were covered by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelia that were interrupted by patches of epithelium containing cells with densely packed microfolds or microvilli, and cells with both microvilli and cilia. Smaller parts were covered by either flattened polygonal cells with densely packed microvilli or microfolds, squamous epithelial cells, or patches of reticular epithelium. The palatine and paraepiglottic tonsils were mainly lined by squamous epithelial cells with apical microplicae or short knobs. Additionally, regions of reticular epithelium containing epithelial cells with apical microvilli were seen. The lingual tonsil was uniformly covered by a keratinized squamous epithelium and devoid of microvillous cells and patches of reticular epithelium. The rostral half of the tonsil of the soft palate was lined by a pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with characteristics of the pharyngeal and tubal tonsils. The epithelium of the caudal part resembled the epithelia of the palatine and paraepiglottic tonsils. Putative M cells, mainly characterized by apical microvilli or microfolds and a close association with lymphoid cells, seem manifestly present on the nasopharyngeal tonsils. The reticular epithelium of the palatine and paraepiglottic tonsils also harbor cells with small apical microvilli. The exact nature of these presumptive M cells should, however, be elucidated in functional studies. Anat Rec, 2010. (c) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 20225209 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
March 13th, 2010 / No Comments » / by Becker HM, Yoganathan P, Berger AR
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Endophthalmitis post complicated cataract surgery associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Ann Ophthalmol (Skokie). 2009 Fall-Winter;41(3-4):189-90
Authors: Becker HM, Yoganathan P, Berger AR
An 82-year-old woman underwent complicated cataract surgery with subsequent endophthalmitis. She presented with a unique purulent collection with ciliary body involvement and Klebsiella pneumoniae was grown on culture. Klebsiella is a rare cause of endophthalmitis and ciliary body involvement has not previously been reported.
PMID: 20214054 [PubMed - in process]
March 13th, 2010 / No Comments » / by Ikeda T
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NDP kinase 7 is a conserved microtubule-binding protein preferentially expressed in ciliated cells.
Cell Struct Funct. 2010 Mar 10;
Authors: Ikeda T
Nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase is an enzyme that synthesizes the nucleoside triphosphates. In mammals, nine sequences (NDK1-NDK9) have been found with domain(s) homologous to the catalytic domain of NDP kinase, and some of their products have been shown to associate with sperm flagella. The present study examines the localization of NDK7, for which little information has been available. Database analysis showed that the NDK7 gene is present in organisms with cilia and flagella. Western blotting analyses of various mouse tissues consistently indicated that NDK7 is preferentially expressed in tissues with motile cilia as well as in sperm. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that this protein is localized along the entire length of the TritonX-100-insoluble fraction of sperm flagella, possibly in the axonemes. Unexpectedly, however, NDK7 in tracheal epithelia was found in the cell body but not in cilia. Finally, in vitro co-sedimentation assays using recombinant proteins showed that both mouse and Chlamydomonas NDK7 directly bind to microtubules.
PMID: 20215702 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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